Impact of anesthetics on rat hippocampus and neocortex: A comprehensive proteomic study based on label-free mass spectrometry.

Anesthesia is regarded as an important milestone in medicine. However, the negative effect on memory and learning has been observed. In addition, the impact of anesthetics on postoperative cognitive functions is still discussed. In this work, in vivo experiment simulating a general anesthesia and ICU sedation was designed to assess the impact of two intravenous (midazolam, dexmedetomidine) and two inhalational (isoflurane, desflurane) agents on neuronal centers for cognition (neocortex), learning, and memory (hippocampus). More than 3600 proteins were quantified across both neocortex and hippocampus. Proteomic study revealed relatively mild effects of anesthetics, nevertheless, protein dysregulation uncovered possible different effect of isoflurane (and midazolam) compared to desflurane (and dexmedetomidine) to neocortical and hippocampal proteins. Isoflurane induced the upregulation of hippocampal NMDAR and other proteins of postsynaptic density and downregulation of GABA signaling, whereas desflurane and dexmedetomidine rather targeted mitochondrial VDAC isoforms and protein regulating apoptotic activity.

A stationary phase with a positively charged surface allows for minimizing formic acid concentration in the mobile phase, enhancing electrospray ionization in LC-MS proteomic experiments.

The default choice of mobile phase acidifier for bottom-up LC-MS proteomic analyses is 0.10% formic acid because of its decent acidity, decent ion pairing ability, and low suppression of electrospray ionization. In recent years, state-of-the-art columns have been designed specifically to provide efficient separation even when using an MS-friendly mobile phase of low ionic strength. Despite this, no attempts have been made to improve the sensitivity of the MS-based analytical methods by reducing the amount of formic acid in the mobile phase. In this study, we evaluated the effect of reduced formic acid concentration in the mobile phase on the chromatographic behavior and MS response of peptides when separated using columns packed with a C18 stationary phase with a positively charged surface. Using 0.01% formic acid in the mobile phase maintained excellent chromatographic performance and increased MS signal response compared to the standard of 0.10%. The enhanced MS response translated to about 50% improved peptide identifications depending on the complexity and amount of sample injected. The increased retention of peptides at a reduced formic acid concentration was directly proportional to the number of acidic residues in the peptide sequence. The study was carried out by covering a spectrum of protein samples with varied complexity using analytical flow, micro-, and nanoflow regimes to expand the applicability in routine practice.

Phenol/Chloroform-Free TiO2-Based miRNA Extraction from Cell Lysate.

While microRNAs are considered as excellent biomarkers of various diseases, there are still several remaining challenges regarding their isolation. In this study, we aimed to design a novel RNA isolation method that would help to overcome those challenges. Therefore, we present a novel phenol/chloroform-free, low-cost method for miRNA extraction. Within this method, RNA is extracted from cell lysate with an isopropanol/water/NaCl system, followed by solid-phase extraction using TiO2 microspheres to effectively separate short RNAs from long RNA molecules. We also demonstrated the pH-dependent selectivity of TiO2 microspheres towards different sizes of RNA. We were able to regulate the size range of extracted RNAs with simple adjustments in binding conditions used during the solid-phase extraction.

Cell Wall Stress Stimulates the Activity of the Protein Kinase StkP of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Leading to Multiple Phosphorylation.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic human pathogen that encodes a single eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr protein kinase StkP and its functional counterpart, the protein phosphatase PhpP. These signaling enzymes play critical roles in coordinating cell division and growth in pneumococci. In this study, we determined the proteome and phosphoproteome profiles of relevant mutants. Comparison of those with the wild-type provided a representative dataset of novel phosphoacceptor sites and StkP-dependent substrates. StkP phosphorylates key proteins involved in cell division and cell wall biosynthesis in both the unencapsulated laboratory strain Rx1 and the encapsulated virulent strain D39. Furthermore, we show that StkP plays an important role in triggering an adaptive response induced by a cell wall-directed antibiotic. Phosphorylation of the sensor histidine kinase WalK and downregulation of proteins of the WalRK core regulon suggest crosstalk between StkP and the WalRK two-component system. Analysis of proteomic profiles led to the identification of gene clusters regulated by catabolite control mechanisms, indicating a tight coupling of carbon metabolism and cell wall homeostasis. The imbalance of steady-state protein phosphorylation in the mutants as well as after antibiotic treatment is accompanied by an accumulation of the global Spx regulator, indicating a Spx-mediated envelope stress response. In summary, StkP relays the perceived signal of cell wall status to key cell division and regulatory proteins, controlling the cell cycle and cell wall homeostasis.

Fractionation of Enriched Phosphopeptides Using pH/Acetonitrile-Gradient-Reversed-Phase Microcolumn Separation in Combination with LC-MS/MS Analysis.

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful and sensitive method often used for the identification of phosphoproteins. However, in phosphoproteomics, there is an identified need to compensate for the low abundance, insufficient ionization, and suppression effects of non-phosphorylated peptides. These may hamper the subsequent liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, resulting in incomplete phosphoproteome characterization, even when using high-resolution instruments. To overcome these drawbacks, we present here an effective microgradient chromatographic technique that yields specific fractions of enriched phosphopeptides compatible with LC-MS/MS analysis. The purpose of our study was to increase the number of identified phosphopeptides, and thus, the coverage of the sample phosphoproteome using the reproducible and straightforward fractionation method. This protocol includes a phosphopeptide enrichment step followed by the optimized microgradient fractionation of enriched phosphopeptides and final LC-MS/MS analysis of the obtained fractions. The simple fractionation system consists of a gas-tight microsyringe delivering the optimized gradient mobile phase to reversed-phase microcolumn. Our data indicate that combining the phosphopeptide enrichment with the microgradient separation is a promising technique for in-depth phosphoproteomic analysis due to moderate input material requirements and more than 3-fold enhanced protein identification.

Amorphous TiO2 Nanotubes as a Platform for Highly Selective Phosphopeptide Enrichment.

This work reports highly selective phosphopeptide enrichment using amorphous TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2NTs) and the same material decorated with superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (TiO2NTs@Fe3O4NPs). TiO2NTs and TiO2NTs@Fe3O4NPs materials were applied for phosphopeptide enrichment both from a simple peptide mixture (tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin and α-casein) and from a complex peptide mixture (tryptic digest of Jurkat T cell lysate). The obtained enrichment efficiency and selectivity for phosphopeptides of TiO2NTs and TiO2NTs@Fe3O4NPs were increased to 28.7 and 25.3%, respectively, as compared to those of the well-established TiO2 microspheres. The enrichment protocol was extended for a second elution step facilitating the identification of additional phosphopeptides. It further turned out that both types of amorphous TiO2 nanotubes provide qualitatively new physicochemical features that are clearly advantageous for highly selective phosphopeptide enrichment. This has been confirmed experimentally resulting in substantial reduction of non-phosphorylated peptides in the enriched samples. In addition, TiO2NTs@Fe3O4NPs combine high selectivity and ease of handling due to the superparamagnetic character of the material. The presented materials and performances are further promising for applications toward a whole range of other types of biomolecules to be treated in a similar fashion.

Simple Fabrication of Structured Magnetic Metallic Nano-Platelets for Bio-Analytical Applications.

This short communication presents a simple method of preparation of thin-metal nano-platelets utilizing metal sputtering and lift-off photolithography. The method offers complete control over size, shape and properties of nano-platelets of sub-micrometer thickness. Platelets with a thickness of 50⁻200 nm and with defined arbitrary shapes and sizes in the range of 15⁻300 µm were prepared from single or multiple metal layers by magnetron sputtering. Deposition of different metals in layers enabled fabrication of bi- or tri-metallic platelets with a magnetic core and differently composed surfaces. Highly reflective nano-platelets with a magnetic core allowed manipulation by magnetic fields, while different metallic surfaces served for functionalization by selected molecules. Submicron thin nano-platelets are extremely light (e.g., ~20 ng for a 100 µm × 100 µm × 0.1 µm gold nano-platelet) so that they can be attached to surfaces by only a few chemical bonds. At the same time their area is sufficiently large for simple optical recognition of their shape which is intended to label various characteristics depending on the specific surface functionalization of the given shape.

PHO15 genes of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis encode HAD-type phosphatases dephosphorylating 2-phosphoglycolate.

Most of the phosphatases of human fungal pathogens Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis have never been experimentally characterised, although dephosphorylation reactions are central to many biological processes. PHO15 genes of these yeasts have been annotated as the sequences encoding 4-nitrophenyl phosphatase, on the basis of homology to PHO13 gene from the bakers' yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To examine the real function of these potential phosphatases from Candida spp., CaPho15p and CpPho15p were prepared using expression in Escherichia coli and characterised. They share the hallmark motifs of the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily, readily hydrolyse 4-nitrophenyl phosphate at pH 8-8.3 and require divalent cations (Mg2+, Mn2+ or Co2+) as cofactors. CaPho15p and CpPho15p did not dephosphorylate phosphopeptides, but rather hydrolysed molecules related to carbohydrate metabolism. The preferred substrate for the both phosphatases was 2-phosphoglycolate. Among the other molecules tested, CaPho15 showed preference for glyceraldehyde phosphate and ß-glycerol phosphate, while CpPho15 dephosphorylated mainly 1,3-dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This type of substrate specificity indicates that CaPho15 and CpPho15 may be a part of metabolic repair system of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis.

Kinase-loaded magnetic beads for sequential in vitro phosphorylation of peptides and proteins.

Post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, greatly impact the physiological function of proteins, especially those that are natively unfolded and implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. However, structural and functional studies of such proteins require fully defined phosphorylation, including those that are not physiological. Thus, the kinases ERK2 and GSK-3ß were immobilized to various superparamagnetic beads with carboxylic, aldehyde, Ni2+, or Co3+ functional groups, with a view to efficiently phosphorylate peptides and proteins in vitro. Full phosphorylation of specific synthetic peptides confirmed that beads were successfully loaded with kinases. Remarkably, enzymes covalently immobilized on carboxylated SeraMag beads remained active upon reuse, with residual activity after 10 uses 99.5 ± 0.34% for GSK-3ß and 36.2 ± 2.01% for ERK2. The beads were also used to sequentially phosphorylate recombinant tau, which in vivo is a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, a system consisting of two fully active kinases immobilized to magnetic beads is demonstrated for the first time. In comparison to soluble enzymes, the beads are easier to handle, reusable, and thus low-cost. Importantly, these beads are also convenient to remove from reactions to minimize contamination of phosphorylated products or to exchange with other kinases.

New Interface for Purification of Proteins: One-Dimensional TiO2 Nanotubes Decorated by Fe3O4 Nanoparticles.

In this work, a high surface area interface, based on anodic one-dimensional (1D) TiO2 nanotubes homogeneously decorated by Fe3O4 nanoparticles (TiO2NTs@Fe3O4NPs) is reported for the first time for an unprecedented purification of His-tagged recombinant proteins. Excellent purification results were achieved from the model protein mixture, as well as from the whole cell lysate (with His-tagged ubiquitin). Compared to a conventional immobilized-metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) system, specific isolation of selected His-tagged proteins on behalf of other proteins was significantly enhanced on TiO2NTs@Fe3O4NPs interface under optimized binding and elution conditions. The combination of specific isolation properties, magnetic features, biocompatibility, and ease of preparation of this material consisting of two basic metal oxides makes it a suitable candidate for future purification of recombinant proteins in biotechnology. The principally new material bears a large potential to open new pathways for discoveries in nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine.

Selective isolation of hydrophobin SC3 by solid-phase extraction with polytetrafluoroethylene microparticles and subsequent mass spectrometric analysis.

Hydrophobins are small proteins that play a role in a number of processes during the filamentous fungi growth and development. These proteins are characterized by the self-assembly of their molecules into an amphipathic membrane at hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces. Isolation and purification of hydrophobins generally present a challenge in their analysis. Hydrophobin SC3 from Schizophyllum commune was selected as a representative of class I hydrophobins in this work. A novel procedure for selective and effective isolation of hydrophobin SC3 based on solid-phase extraction with polytetrafluoroethylene microparticles loaded in a small self-made microcolumn is reported. The tailored binding of hydrophobins to polytetrafluoroethylene followed by harsh elution conditions resulted in a highly specific isolation of hydrophobin SC3 from the model mixture of ten proteins. The presented isolation protocol can have a positive impact on the analysis and utilization of these proteins including all class I hydrophobins. Hydrophobin SC3 was further subjected to reduction of its highly stable disulfide bonds and to chymotryptic digestion followed by mass spectrometric analysis. The isolation and digestion protocols presented in this work make the analysis of these highly hydrophobic and compact proteins possible.

Difficulties associated with the structural analysis of proteins susceptible to form aggregates: The case of Tau protein as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease.

Mass spectrometry coupled with bioaffinity separation techniques is considered a powerful tool for studying protein interactions. This work is focused on epitope analysis of tau protein, which contains two VQIXXK aggregation motifs regarded as crucial elements in the formation of paired helical filaments, the main pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. To identify major immunogenic structures, the epitope extraction technique utilizing protein fragmentation and magnetic microparticles functionalized with specific antibodies was applied. However, the natural adhesiveness of some newly generated peptide fragments devalued the experimental results. Beside presumed peptide fragment specific to applied monoclonal anti-tau antibodies, the epitope extraction repeatedly revealed inter alia tryptic fragment 299-HVPGGGSVQIVYKPVDLSK-317 containing the fibril-forming motif 306-VQIVYK-311. The tryptic fragment pro-aggregation and hydrophobic properties that might contribute to adsorption phenomenon were examined by Thioflavin S and reversed-phase chromatography. Several conventional approaches to reduce the non-specific fragment sorption onto the magnetic particle surface were performed, however with no effect. To avoid methodological complications, we introduced an innovative approach based on altered proteolytic digestion. Simultaneous fragmentation of tau protein by two immobilized proteases differing in the cleavage specificity (TPCK-trypsin and α-chymotrypsin) led to the disruption of motif responsible for undesirable adhesiveness and enabled us to obtain undistorted structural data.